CERVICAL CANCER

The cervix is the lower part of the uterus that connects the womb to the vagina (birth canal). Cervical cancer develops when abnormal cells grow in the cervix. It usually develops slowly over several years, often starting with precancerous changes known as dysplasia, which can be detected early through regular screening tests.

Causes of Cervical Cancer

Most cervical cancer cases are caused by Human Papillomavirus (HPV), a common virus transmitted through sexual contact. Although many people may get HPV during their lifetime, the immune system usually clears the infection. Persistent HPV infection, however, can lead to abnormal cervical cell changes and eventually cancer if not treated.

Types of Cervical Cancer

• Squamous Cell Carcinoma – The most common type, accounting for about 80–90% of cases, developing in the outer lining of the cervix.
  
  
• Adenocarcinoma – Starts in the glandular cells that produce cervical mucus and accounts for 10–20% of cases.
  
  
• Mixed Carcinoma – Contains features of both squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma.
  
  
• Rare Types – Include neuroendocrine tumors, melanoma, sarcoma, and lymphoma.
  
  

Risk Factors

Several factors may increase the risk of cervical cancer:

• Persistent HPV infection
  
  
• Age above 40 years
  
  
• Smoking
  
  
• Weak immune system (HIV, organ transplant, long-term steroid use)
  
  
• Multiple sexual partners or early sexual activity
  
  
• Lack of regular Pap smear screening
  
  
• Sexually transmitted infections
  
  
• Poor diet or obesity
  
  

Prevention & Early Detection

Regular Pap smear tests and HPV screening are essential for early detection of precancerous changes. When detected early, cervical cancer is highly preventable and treatable, making routine gynecological checkups extremely important for women’s health.