Vulva

The vulva is the external part of the female genital organs located at the opening of the vagina. Vulvar cancer occurs when abnormal cells grow uncontrollably in this area. Although it is a rare type of gynecologic cancer, early detection and treatment can lead to very good outcomes.

Parts of the Vulva

The vulva consists of several important structures:

• Bartholin glands – Help lubricate the vagina during sexual activity
• Labia majora – Outer lips covered with hair
• Labia minora – Inner lips without hair
• Clitoris – A sensitive organ involved in sexual stimulation

Types of Vulvar Cancer

• Squamous Cell Carcinoma – The most common type; often appears as a wart-like growth and is usually highly treatable.
• Adenocarcinoma – Develops in glandular tissue such as the Bartholin glands.
• Melanoma – A rare cancer that develops from pigment-producing skin cells.
• Sarcoma – A very rare type that arises from muscle or connective tissue.

Causes & Risk Factors

Factors that may increase the risk of vulvar cancer include:

• Age (most cases occur after 60–70 years)
• Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection
• Smoking
• HIV infection
• Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN)
• History of cervical cancer
• Personal or family history of melanoma

Symptoms of Vulvar Cancer

Common symptoms may include:

• Red, white, or dark patches on the vulva
• Persistent itching, burning, or pain
• Pain during urination
• Unusual bleeding or discharge
• A sore or ulcer that does not heal
• A lump near the vaginal opening
• Changes in a mole in the genital area

If these symptoms persist, it is important to consult a gynecologic cancer specialist.

Diagnosis of Vulvar Cancer

Early diagnosis helps ensure effective treatment. Doctors may recommend:

Clinical Evaluation

• Detailed medical history
• Physical and pelvic examination
• Pap smear

Biopsy (confirmatory test)

• Excisional biopsy
• Punch biopsy with colposcopy guidance

Imaging Tests

• CT scan
• MRI scan
• PET scan
• Chest X-ray

These tests help determine the stage of cancer and the best treatment plan.