Endometriosis

Endometriosis

Endometriosis is a chronic and often painful condition in which tissue similar to the lining of the uterus (endometrium) grows outside the uterus. It most commonly affects the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and pelvic lining.

 

This tissue responds to hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle, causing inflammation and bleeding. Because it has no way to exit the body, it can lead to cysts (endometriomas), scar tissue, and adhesions, which may result in pelvic pain and fertility problems. Effective treatments are available to manage symptoms and improve quality of life.

Symptoms of Endometriosis

Symptoms vary from person to person and may include:

  • Painful periods (pelvic pain and cramping before or during menstruation)

  • Lower back or abdominal pain

  • Pain during or after intercourse

  • Pain with bowel movements or urination (especially during periods)

  • Heavy or irregular menstrual bleeding

  • Infertility

  • Fatigue, bloating, nausea, diarrhea, or constipation

Risk Factors

Factors that may increase the risk of endometriosis include:

  • Never having given birth

  • Early onset of menstruation

  • Late menopause

  • Short menstrual cycles (less than 27 days)

  • Heavy or prolonged periods

  • High estrogen levels or prolonged estrogen exposure

  • Low body mass index

  • Family history of endometriosis

  • Reproductive tract abnormalities or conditions affecting menstrual flow

Causes of Endometriosis

The exact cause is unknown, but possible theories include:

  • Retrograde menstruation: Menstrual blood flows backward into the pelvic cavity

  • Cell transformation: Pelvic or embryonic cells transform into endometrial-like tissue

  • Surgical implantation: Endometrial cells attach to surgical scars (e.g., C-section)

  • Cell transport: Spread through blood or lymphatic systems

  • Immune system dysfunction: Failure to eliminate misplaced endometrial tissue